المشاركات

صورة
  Revolutionary Techniques for Efficient Nitrogen Removal in Water Efficient nitrogen removal from water is crucial for preventing eutrophication and protecting aquatic ecosystems. Over the years, several revolutionary techniques have emerged that significantly enhance nitrogen removal efficiency in both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment systems. Below are some of the most impactful innovations: 1. Anammox (Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation) How it works: Anammox bacteria convert ammonium and nitrite directly into nitrogen gas under anaerobic conditions, skipping the need for organic carbon or full nitrification. Advantages: No need for external carbon sources Low energy requirements (no aeration for nitrification) Produces less sludge Applications: Deployed in sidestream treatment and increasingly in mainstream wastewater processes. 2. Partial Nitritation-Anammox (PN/A) This method combines partial conversion of ammonium to nitrite (partial nitri...
إرسال تعليق
قراءة المزيد
صورة
  Makkah Water Infrastructure by National Water Company Saudi ​The National Water Company ( NWC ) of Saudi Arabia is undertaking a major project to enhance the water infrastructure in Makkah, aiming to improve the city’s water supply and meet the growing demands of both residents and visitors. This initiative is part of the country's broader efforts to modernize infrastructure in line with Vision 2030, focusing on sustainability and improving public services. The project involves the installation of new water transmission lines and the replacement of existing ones, stretching over 29 kilometers along key areas of Makkah, including the Third Ring Road. These improvements will serve 16 key districts, ensuring a reliable and efficient water supply for both residential and commercial areas, as well as for the millions of pilgrims who visit Makkah each year for Hajj and Umrah. In addition to upgrading the existing system, the project will also support major urban developments, such as...
إرسال تعليق
قراءة المزيد
صورة
  Understanding the Importance, Properties and Equation of water Water, often described as the “universal solvent,” is a simple molecule with profound importance. It sustains life, shapes the Earth’s landscapes, and drives numerous biological, chemical, and physical processes. Understanding its significance, unique properties, and chemical structure helps explain why water is vital across scientific disciplines and in everyday life. 1. Importance of Water Water is essential for all known forms of life and plays critical roles in various systems: Biological Function : Every cell in the human body relies on water for processes such as nutrient transport, temperature regulation, and metabolic reactions. Ecological Balance : Aquatic ecosystems, agriculture, and climate patterns are heavily dependent on water availability and quality. Industrial and Domestic Use : From drinking and sanitation to manufacturing and energy production, water is indispensable in both daily life a...
إرسال تعليق
قراءة المزيد
صورة
  ?What are the parts of a river A river is more than just a flowing body of water—it has several distinct parts that work together as part of a natural system. Understanding the parts of a river helps us learn how water moves, how ecosystems function, and how rivers shape the land. 1. Source (Headwaters) The starting point of a river. Can begin as a spring , melting snow , glacier , or rainfall in highlands . Usually located in mountains or hills . 2. Tributaries Smaller streams or rivers that flow into a larger river . Help increase the volume of the main river. The area where a tributary joins the main river is called a confluence . 3. Main Channel The primary path the river follows as it flows downstream. It carries water, sediments, and nutrients . Can be straight, meandering, or braided depending on geography and flow. 4. Floodplain The flat area around the river that may flood during heavy rains. Rich in nutrients , making it id...
إرسال تعليق
قراءة المزيد
صورة
  Wastewater treatment of ceramic effluents Wastewater Treatment of Ceramic Effluents The ceramic industry —which includes the production of tiles, sanitaryware, bricks, and refractories—generates significant volumes of wastewater during various stages of manufacturing such as raw material washing, glazing, polishing, and equipment cleaning. This effluent contains high levels of suspended solids, heavy metals, and chemicals , which, if untreated, can harm the environment and violate discharge regulations. Characteristics of Ceramic Wastewater Typical ceramic effluents may contain: High turbidity due to clay, silica, and alumina particles Suspended solids (SS) often > 1000 mg/L Heavy metals such as lead, chromium, and zinc (from pigments and glazes) Alkaline pH (often 9–11) due to the use of alkaline materials Low to moderate chemical oxygen demand (COD) Color and viscosity due to added chemicals and dyes The main challenge is solid-liquid separati...
إرسال تعليق
قراءة المزيد
صورة
  ACCIONA will operate and maintain the drinking water treatment plant at Tudela, Spain ACCIONA, in partnership with Aqlara, has secured a contract to operate, maintain, and conserve the drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) in Tudela, Navarra, Spain. This facility serves not only Tudela but also the neighboring towns of Castejón, Fustiñana, Cabanillas, and Fontellas, collectively benefiting over 46,000 residents. ​ The contract, awarded by the Municipal Water Board of Tudela, spans an initial period of four years with a potential one-year extension, totaling €6 million, including the possible extension.   The DWTP has a design flow capacity of 35,600 cubic meters per day. Its primary water source is the River Ebro, supplying approximately 6 million cubic meters annually. This is supplemented by 2 million cubic meters per year from nearby wells and, when necessary, an additional 10,000 cubic meters from the Canal de Lodosa. ​ The plant's infrastructure includes a 6,000...
إرسال تعليق
قراءة المزيد
صورة
  Carbon Steel U Type Bolts Carbon Steel U Type Bolts: Features, Applications, and Benefits What Are Carbon Steel U Type Bolts? Carbon steel U-type bolts, commonly known as U-bolts, are fasteners shaped like the letter "U" with threads on both ends. They are primarily used to secure pipes, rods, cables, and other cylindrical objects to surfaces or frameworks. These bolts are manufactured from carbon steel, which provides strength, durability, and resistance to mechanical stress. Key Features of Carbon Steel U Type Bolts Material Composition : Made from carbon steel, which offers high tensile strength and toughness. The carbon content can vary, influencing hardness and corrosion resistance. Threading : Available with standard or custom threading to suit different fastening applications. Coating & Finishes : Often coated with zinc plating, galvanization, or black oxide to enhance corrosion resistance. Sizes & Specifications : Available in various diameters, leng...
إرسال تعليق
قراءة المزيد